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Hiroshima and Nagasaki were both devastated. These new “atomic” bombs, known colloquially as Little Boy and Fat Man, each exploded with energies equivalent to over ten thousand tons of conventional explosive, the normal payload of 1000 such bombers deployed simultaneously. In August, 1945, two United States Army Air Force B-29 bombers each dropped single bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany

The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afﬁliations. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.

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in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speciﬁc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speciﬁcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microﬁlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. ISSN 2192-4791 ISSN 2192-4805 (electronic) Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics ISBN 978-4-2 ISBN 978-5-9 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966397 1st edition: © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 2nd edition: © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. The purpose of ULNP is to provide intriguing, absorbing books that will continue to be the reader’s preferred reference throughout their academic career.īruce Cameron Reed Department of Physics Alma College Alma, MI, USA ULNP especially encourages new, original, and idiosyncratic approaches to physics teaching at the undergraduate level. A novel perspective or an unusual approach to teaching a subject.A solid undergraduate-level introduction to a graduate, advanced, or non-standard subject.An exceptionally clear and concise treatment of a standard undergraduate subject.ULNP titles must provide at least one of the following:

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Each title in the series is suitable as a basis for undergraduate instruction, typically containing practice problems, worked examples, chapter summaries, and suggestions for further reading. Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics (ULNP) publishes authoritative texts covering topics throughout pure and applied physics.

Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics Series editors Neil Ashby, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA William Brantley, Department of Physics, Furman University, Greenville, SC, USA Matthew Deady, Physics Program, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA Michael Fowler, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Morten Hjorth-Jensen, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Michael Inglis, Department of Physical Sciences, SUNY Suffolk County Community College, Selden, NY, USA The History and Science of the Manhattan Project Second Edition The Legacy of Manhattan (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 477-506īack Matter. The German Nuclear Program (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 439-475 Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 383-438 Los Alamos, Trinity, and Tinian (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 271-382 The Hanford Engineer Works (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 239-270 Oak Ridge, CP-1, and the Clinton Engineer Works (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 183-238

Organizing the Manhattan Project, 1939–1943 (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 125-181 The Discovery and Interpretation of Nuclear Fission (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 75-124 Introduction and Overview (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 1-18Ī Short History of Nuclear Physics to the Mid-1930s (Bruce Cameron Reed).Pages 19-74